“Maybe we should put a pen in her mouth,” said a student hovering over a collapsed, trembling student.
The clueless crowd of students conversed about what to do while Lanee McMillan, psychology sophomore, convulsed on the floor of Lockett auditorium. An aisle of concerned faces turned to the teacher for calm and direction. But the professor was as unprepared as his students.
And he was not alone. About 1,000 LSU students have registered disabilities and attend classes without the security faculty trained in CPR and first aid. Of those, 21 suffer from seizure prone diseases. But few LSU professors have any training in what to do when a student needs medical attention, LSU has minimal guidelines for what a professor should do in an emergency, and there is no requirement that professors receive training in first aid.
And while some states are moving toward requiring public school teachers to have basic first aid training – and some are requiring specific training in CPR and the Heimlich maneuver —college universities are doing…
Nothing.
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Some states respond to the nation’s call for a more emergency-prepared country by requiring first aid and CPR certification for teaching licenses and implementing CPR and first aid courses into education curriculums. But states exclude their major college universities where medical emergencies are prevalent with many disabled students.
The need to improve first aid training in the nation’s schools was highlighted by the Centers for Disease and Control in 2004.
However, few states—California, New Jersey, Indiana, North Carolina, Michigan—require teachers to be certified in first aid and CPR in order to get a teaching license. And no states require major college university professors to have CPR or first aid training.
According to the American Safety Academy, public school teachers in California must be certified in First Aid and CPR in order to obtain a teaching credential.
Since July 1, 2008, Indiana law requires CPR and first-aid training among those obtaining a teacher’s license.
Some states have shifted their concerns for first-aid-trained citizens from teachers to students.
According to a story by WRAL in North Carolina, reporter Bret Beir said the state passed a law requiring public school curriculums to add courses in CPR and the Heimlich maneuver. But teachers are exempt.
And some states extend requirements to all members of their academic institutions. New Jersey, for example, includes both students and teachers in its safety-training laws.
Since March 17, 2008, New Jersey Legislature requires “public school districts to provide CPR training and certification as part of curriculum,” and “requires certain teachers to obtain training in CPR instruction.”
Some groups benefit from the nationwide concern more than others. Citizens with disabilities, especially college students, need the security of prepared individuals in case of medical emergencies.
East Baton Rouge Health Profile says 133 out of every 1,000 people between the ages of 15 and 20 are disabled in the US. Nearly 144 in 1,000 are disabled in Louisiana, and East Baton Rouge Parish, the numbers are greatest with 151 out of every 1,000 being disabled.
“The prevalence of disability for this age group is over two times the rate for the 5-15 age groups,” said EBRHP reports.
These numbers have jump-started some universities to improve their disability services.
LSU has improved its confidentiality laws, protecting students from discrimination. And University of Georgia has improved awareness and accommodations for disabled students.
But for those with disabilities that frequently lead to medical emergencies, like those who suffer from seizures, an environment in which there is no one trained in first aid in their classroom can prove fatal.
So what happens when one of these accident-prone individuals needs in-class assistance?
According to the US. Census Bureau, in 2006, 24,900 emergency department visits among 18 to 24-year-olds.
Besides accommodating EMS and Police Departments, how are colleges and universities responding to these numbers? And what training requirements do LSU and other universities offer teachers.
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One LSU disabled student talks about her experience with untrained faculty. Her multiple seizures on campus have increased her desire to share with others the need for more teachers to be trained in CPR and/or first aid.
The LSU Police Department knows Lanee McMillan by name.
With about 25 sudden collapses on campus since her freshman year at LSU, McMillan, psychology junior, said she is a pro at health emergency procedures.
“The teacher calls 911, then LSU Police Department shows up, then the fire department, then the EMS,” she said. “It would be good if the teacher could have some information on what to do instead.”
McMillan suffers from a seizure-prone disease, which causes her to lose feeling in her limbs. She falls and trembles, where she remains for 3-8 minutes, conscious but unresponsive.
“It is frustrating when teachers are asking what they should do because I can hear them, I just can’t respond,” she said.
Safety procedures come second nature to McMillan who has practiced responding to her random nerve attacks since she was 16.
But when it comes to in-class emergencies, McMillan wants to rely on her instructors to take appropriate action. She said unfortunately she cannot depend on her untrained class instructors.
“It’s pretty clear they have no instruction on how to handle it (her disability),” she said. Other than a notice from disability services informing instructors of her case, McMillan said instructors have no information regarding basic procedures.
“It would be good for them to know recovery positions,” she said. “I hear a lot of times, when I’m having tremors, ‘oh, let’s a put a pen in her mouth.’ But you’re not supposed to do that.”
McMillan said she pre-warns instructors of her disability. Since, no one else gives teachers step-by-step procedures, McMillan tells them what not to do. She tells instructors not to call 911 unless tremors last more than 3 minutes, but most teachers break under pressure.
“Most of them call 911 because it totally catches them off guard,” she said.
From panicking teachers to those frozen in shock, McMillan said University faculty has an inconsistent response to emergency. This, McMillan said, is why LSU should require faculty to undergo first-aid training.
“A lot of times, students are the ones who know first aid,” she said. “Some teachers are just oblivious.”
McMillan said one of her teachers this semester did not know there was an emergency phone in the classroom.
“Students told me she just stood there not knowing what to do,” McMillan said.
Some teachers respond to her sudden attacks with panic. McMillan said last semester one professor nervously paced around the classroom asking if anyone knew what to do.
“Students told me he was running around and needed to be calmed down,” she said.
And some teachers do not want to interrupt class for the sake of an emergency.
“Another time, I had a teacher who checked on me, made sure I was OK, called 911, then went to the front of the classroom and kept teaching,” she said. “She said she did not want to disrupt the class.”
Whether studying among students in Middleton Library or taking notes in the back row of Howe Russell Auditorium, McMillan has fainted in front of crowds of all sizes. She said she wants others to be able to rely on instructors for emergency knowledge as well.
“As a person of authority, people are going to look to you to be calm and know how to act,” she said.
McMillan also said she thinks teachers of all levels should be first-aid trained.
“I worked at a day care, and we had to be trained,” she said.
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LSU provides faculty with the bare minimum safety procedures, and training courses offered are never filled with teachers.
When LSU Faculty Senate President Kevin Cope sits down to verify teachers’ employment records, he is not looking for “CPR certified,” or “trained in First Aid.”
“I have never known one of them (teachers) to be trained in CPR or first-aid,” he said.
He said since its founding, LSU has not required faculty to be certified in CPR or First Aid.
Nowhere in LSU’s Policy and Procedures does it require such training. According to Policy Statement 18, LSU’s Emergency Response Plan says, “University emergency responses shall in all cases place primary emphasis on the protection of human life.” But how can LSU ensure that without mandating appropriate training courses?
With today’s advances in disability services and increased CPR certification across the country, LSU lags behind with online emergency guidelines and the occasional safety tips e-mail.
Campus Safety and Health Resources provides faculty with an online guide to medical emergency response. The document lists the following procedures:
-Call LSU Police.
-Do not move the victim.
-Do not attempt to give medical care unless you are trained to do so. Provide first aid if you are qualified to perform it.
-Stay with the victim to reassure him/her until help arrives.
Other cyberspace help includes a safety newsletter from the Occupation and Environmental Safety Program.
Pat West, OES response coordinator, said he sends out safety and training information quarterly. He said the “Life-line,” is available to the entire campus on oes.lsu.edu. It features updates on local and national safety issues and offers some emergency-related pointers.
The most important piece of information, however, is at the end of each newsletter. In bold italic, it states, “As a minimum, Department Safety meetings should
be conducted quarterly. This newsletter can be used as safety meeting material.”
West said unfortunately, he suspects many campus departments do not conduct safety meetings.
West also leads CPR and first-aid training sessions under OES. He said teachers knowing first aid is as vital as wearing a seatbelt.
“It’s good for everyone, but people don’t do it,” he said.
Michael Hooks, OES associate director, said courses are rarely full. He said 63 faculty, staff, and students took advantage of the 10 courses offered last year. Among a faculty totaling 1,344, Hooks said LSU could do much better.
“We want as many faculty trained as possible,” he said
Jessey Hutchinson, assistant director of LSU Fire and Emergency Training said LSU should implement more safety courses. She said anybody can take most of their medical emergency-related classes.
“But we do not offer any classes specific to CPR or first-aid training,” she said.
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Southeastern Conference (SEC) schools are as lax as LSU. Generally, universities offer programs to innovate safety awareness. University of Georgia and Virginia Tech are the most advanced with its biggest motivation being the Virginia Tech 2007 shootings.
LSU is not the only academic institution lagging behind in the race for a more CPR-certified country.
Universities across the South are neck-in-neck with LSU. From Mississippi to Florida, no Southeastern Conference school requires first aid or CPR training for its faculty.
Steve Voorhies, University of Arkansas spokesman, said the only safety training UA requires is for those working with lab chemicals or animals.
“CPR and first aid are not among general faculty requirements,” he said.
Ron Wayne of the University of Florida said in response to in-class medical emergencies, untrained UF teachers rely on instinct.
“We would probably call the police department,” he said. “We do not require any type of training for our professors.
Some universities do offer health and safety-related programs. But since courses are optional, many campuses lack faculty participation.
Charles Martin of Auburn University said that since last fall, Auburn has offered a wellness program for employees. “Healthy Tigers,” he said is an informational service providing faculty with online safety guides and voluntary training courses.
“It is not required,” he said. “Since it’s pretty new, we haven’t had a lot of feedback.”
And some university’s programs were so poorly attended, they had to shut down.
Last year, University of Tennessee in Knoxville had to close its only first aid program. Linda Francisco, UT Higher Education executive director, said the reason was lack of resources.
“We used to offer First Aid for employees, but not now because the training programs are understaffed,” she said.
Of all SEC schools, University of Georgia is taking the most action in response to the nation’s safety training concerns.
Steve Harris, UGA director of Security Emergency and Preparedness, said the school’s emergency-related services are endless.
“The average faculty member is not required to take emergency training,” he said. “But we try to offer them certain things to make sure they’re exposed.”
He said during required faculty orientation, SEP provides general safety and emergency pamphlets for the teachers-to-be.
“This is how we do our indoctrination of safety and emergency training,” he said. “We have faculty interact in a resource-fair fashion.”
Harris also said SEP assists rather than pressures faculty to become more safety conscious. He said they use a building-by-building approach in order to cover all areas of campus.
“We give them (each building) the tools and work with them every few months to update them on initiatives,” said Harris.
Harris said UGA also has a new project called Campus Emergency Response Team. It specializes in First Aid, emergency planning, and rescue techniques.
He said 36 people have joined the project since it started last fall. Of those, only five are faculty members.
Harris said the low numbers do not reflect the recent increase in faculty interest in CERT classes.
In the past two years, UGA’s SEP has noticed greater concern among the faculty about safety. Hurricane Katrina and the Virginia Tech shootings, he said, were the catalysts.
“There’s generally more participation after a particular incident,” he said. “Since Virginia Tech, we’ve noticed an increase in CERT class participation.”
Zack Adams, Virginia Tech Occupational Safety and Health assistant director said the April 16, 2007 shootings have increased emergency preparedness awareness both on both Virginia’s state and local level.
He said V Tech does not require its teachers CPR certification, but he has seen an increase in faculty’s interest to take courses.
“We made many more training course referrals to faculty last year,” he said.
Adams said Virginia’s governor, Tim Kaine, has been innovating the Office of Commonwealth Preparedness since the shootings. It was created in January of 2007, but since April 16, many criteria have been added.
“This program is receiving a lot more attention than it did before the shooting,” he said.
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Professors generally give the same reasons when asked why they haven’t taken the time to prepare for classroom emergencies: Too little time, too much cost, not likely to happen in my classroom.
While many teachers still resist training because they think chances of medical emergencies are slim, numbers prove otherwise:
- According to the National Safety Council, each year, one out of four injured people require medical attention.
-The LSU Police Department responded to 289 Medical Emergencies in 2008 and has responded to 66 in 2009.
-The American Heart Association says early CPR within the first 3–5 minutes after collapse, plus early advanced care can results in a 50 percent long-term survival rate.
Dr. Kamo, a sociology professor at LSU, said he’d rather rely on his students for emergency preparedness knowledge.
“With 380 people in my classes, someone is bound to know first aid,” he said.
Kamo said he does not think it is necessary for faculty to be trained in first aid.
Teachers across the country believe otherwise.
Linda Francisco of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville said she would feel more comfortable with first-aid certification, but she understands why teachers resist.
“Teachers aren’t too open to taking time out of their schedules,” she said. “Even when we offered optional courses in the past, faculty did not take them.”
UGA’s Steve Harris, agreed time is teacher’s biggest enemy.
“Everyone is busy,” he said. “The time crunch on teachers is especially tough.”
Baton Rouge Fire Department Chief Ed Smith says cost may be another factor.
“There’s a lot of cost involved in training to get people up to a certain level of first aid,” he said.
Smith said with recent budget cuts and a bad economy, teachers many not have the means to take courses offered.
According to American Red Cross, teachers can take CPR and first-aid training courses starting at $40.
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Teachers are not always aware when a disabled student is enrolled in one of their classes. Certain laws maintain disabled students’ privacy.
Benjamin Cornwell, LSU disability services (DS) associate director at LSU, said teachers are not motivated to learn basic safety procedures because when it comes to students’ disabilities, teachers are as unaware as they are untrained.
Confidentiality laws put a wall between teachers and disabled students. Many teachers tell Cornwell they need to know the students’ health conditions in order to prepare for accommodations.
“I’ve had teachers come to me saying if they knew exactly what disability the student had, they’d be able to better accommodate them,” Cornwell said.
To those teachers, his response is always the same. “Sorry, but that’s the law.”
Cornwell said the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) strives to protect disabled Americans with confidentiality laws. LSU abides by these same rules, which are documented in the disability services handbook. Disability-related information is kept confidential with the following exceptions:
- the student gives DS a signed release to share disability-related information with the person(s) named on the release
- as DS is required and/or permitted by the law and/or a court order;
- the student is a direct threat to themselves or others;
- or a student makes a disability-related allegation, claim, grievance, appeal or disclosure to university attorneys for legal advice to the university
Cornwell said DS informs teachers of student disabilities on a need-to-know basis. He said the laws are set up for two reasons: to exercise college students’ rights to privacy and to protect disabled students from discrimination.
“As a general rule of thumb faculty needs to know about accommodations students with disabilities are to receive and that they are registered with disability services,” he said.
Cornwell said he is not even required to inform teachers that a student is registered with disability services. Detailed information about their disabilities is even more hands off.
Most of the time, he said there is not a strong enough reason to breach confidentiality. He said such situations arise once in a blue moon. But when it comes to safety preparedness, he is willing to push the envelope.
“In cases of medical emergencies, that changes,” he said. “I’m not going to jeopardize the student’s life because I’m trying to withhold information.”
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Some states and countries focus more on lower education levels–high schools, elementary schools, and childcare institutions.
Where college universities are lagging, other institutions are raising the bar. CPR and first-aid training is increasing in other education levels.
According to Mannix Porterfield, reporter for West Virginia Register-Herald, West Virginia completed a bill last February, requesting CPR and first-aid training for high school freshman and sophomores.
For some states, first-aid training for high schoolers is nothing new.
Six years ago, Michigan sent a similar request to Supreme Court. It’s main concern, however, was where teachers and students were to receive training.
The document states, “Under the bill, new teachers would have to hold valid certification from the American Red Cross.”
According to Kendall Hebert, 19 schools across south Louisiana get certified through American Red Cross. Among the list is Baton Rouge’s Catholic High School. Nick Persac, LSU mass communications junior and Catholic High School alumn, said he was required to receive CPR certification in order to graduate.
“We had to go into the office and hand the principal our certification,” he said. “I knew some guys that almost couldn’t graduate because they waited until the last minute.”
In January 2007, Massachusetts requested an “An Act Relative to Medical Emergency Response Plans for Schools.” The document states, “Train school staff and graduating high school students in CPR. Teachers and staff trained in first aid should, at a minimum, be equipped and able to give first aid for life- threatening emergencies until EMS rescuers arrive.”
The most recent US county to adjust its elementary school safety procedures is Tazewell County, Virginia. Since April 16, its education department states, “In school buildings with an instructional and administrative staff of ten or more, there
shall be at least two employees who have current certification in cardiopulmonary resuscitation or have received training, within the last two years, in emergency first aid and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation.”
Some states see a stronger need for training in lowest education levels.
Michigan requires all k12 teachers to be certified in CPR and first aid in order to be licensed.
Collaborative investigation found the following regarding child care institutions:
-Minnesota requires 6 hours of training in CPR and first aid for childcare providers.
-South Carolina and Maine also require training for childcare facilities.
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The Federal Government offers certain grants to foster first-aid and CPR training for newly concerned states’ Departments of Education.
While the Federal Government is busy monitoring health and safety on a large scale, it has not forgotten to pencil in small-scale institutions into its black book agenda of grants.
On March 11, 2009, US Department of Education (DOE) created a grant opportunity for state and local governments concerned with Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools.
According to Catalog For Domestic Association, the grant focuses on a four-phase emergency plan for public schools, emphasizing preparedness.
“It provides funds to local educational agencies (LEAs) to establish an emergency management process that focuses on reviewing and strengthening emergency management,” said DOE.
DOE also said the program also offers resources to LEAs to provide training for staff on emergency management procedures.
“It requires that LEAs develop comprehensive all-hazards emergency management plans,” said DOE.
Although Louisiana schools may not be taking advantage of this generous grant of $26,000,000, the state government is finding other ways to improve its health and safety training.
The Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals recognizes Louisiana’s involement in a recent partnership, which aims to improve public health and training. According to LDHH, “The State of Louisiana Office of Public Health collaborates extensively with the South Central Public Health Partnership (SCPHP).”
LDHH says SCPHP includes Alabama, Arkansas, Missississippi, and Louisiana. The partnership excels in public health preparedness and public health training.
SCPHP was formed in response to the challenges which workers face preventing appropriate training.
“These challenges fuel the need for education and training to ensure that workers have the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to perform their jobs, as well as the opportunity to continue their education,” said LDHH.
For more information, go to
https://www.lava.dhh.louisiana.gov/training_opportunities.php.